Troubleshooting a Water Heater That’s Suddenly Not Working

Your water heater is not just another appliance in your home. The unsung hero provides the hot water we rely on for showers, washing dishes, and laundry. Its sudden malfunction can disrupt your daily routine, making its importance even more evident.

Published: December 6, 2024

The good news? Many water heater problems can be diagnosed and resolved without immediately calling in a professional. In this guide, we'll walk you through the steps to troubleshoot a water heater that's unexpectedly not working, empowering you to regain control of your home comfort and feel capable of handling the situation.

Understanding the Common Reasons Your Water Heater Isn't Working

Before diving into troubleshooting, it's helpful to understand the typical issues that can cause a water heater to fail. Here are the most common culprits:

Power Supply Issues
1. A tripped circuit breaker or a blown fuse can cut power to the unit for electric water heaters.
2. Gas water heaters may face pilot light or gas supply issues.
Thermostat Problems
1. If the thermostat malfunctions, your water heater may not heat water to the desired temperature.
Sediment Buildup
1. Over time, minerals in water can accumulate at the bottom of the tank, reducing efficiency and causing strange noises.
Broken Heating Element or Burner
1. Electric heaters rely on heating elements, while gas units use burners. If these components fail, the water won't heat properly.
Leaks or Pressure Issues
1. A leaking tank or faulty pressure relief valve can also lead to losing hot water.

Step-by-Step Troubleshooting for a Water Heater

1. Check the Power Source

For Electric Water Heaters:

Inspect your home’s electrical panel for a tripped circuit breaker or blown fuse. If necessary, reset the breaker or replace the fuse.
Ensure the water heater’s power switch is turned on. Sometimes, the issue is as simple as someone accidentally turning it off.

For Gas Water Heaters:

Check the pilot light. If it’s out, follow the manufacturer’s instructions to relight it.
Inspect the gas supply valve to ensure it’s open and provide gas to the heater. If you suspect a gas leak, immediately turn off the gas supply and evacuate the area. Do not attempt to relight the pilot light if you smell gas. Instead, call your gas company or a professional plumber for assistance.

2. Adjust the Thermostat

Locate the thermostat on your water heater (usually behind a panel) and ensure it’s set to the desired temperature, typically around 120°F to 140°F.
If adjusting the thermostat doesn’t solve the issue, it may need to be replaced.

3. Flush the Tank to Remove Sediment

Over time, sediment can accumulate at the bottom of the tank, reducing efficiency and causing the water heater to stop working. Here’s how to flush the tank:

Turn off the power (for electric heaters) or gas supply (for gas heaters).
Connect a garden hose to the drain valve at the bottom of the tank.
Place the other end of the hose in a safe location to drain hot water (e.g., a drain or outside).
Open the drain valve and let the water flow out until it clears.
Close the valve, remove the hose, and refill the tank.

4. Inspect the Heating Element or Burner

For Electric Heaters:

If the heating elements are burnt out, they may need to be replaced. Typically, it involves draining the tank and using a specialized wrench to remove and replace the element.

For Gas Heaters:

Check the burner under the tank. Clean it with the manufacturer's instructions if it’s dirty or clogged. If it’s damaged, replace it.

5. Examine for Leaks

Inspect the tank and connections for any signs of water leaks. Look for puddles of water around the tank, damp spots on the floor, or water stains on the walls near the tank. Also, check the pressure relief valve and the drain valve for leaks.
If you find leaks, you may need to tighten connections or replace faulty components such as valves or gaskets.
A leaking tank itself usually indicates the need for a replacement water heater.

Schedule Regular Maintenance to Prevent Unexpected Water Heater Problems.

To prevent unexpected water heater problems, it’s important to schedule regular maintenance. Here are some tips to keep your system running smoothly and demonstrate your proactive approach to home care:

1. Flush the Tank Annually - Removing sediment buildup can enhance efficiency and prolong the life of your water heater.

2. Check the Anode Rod - This component helps prevent rust inside the tank. Replace it every 3 to 5 years or as needed.

3. Inspect the Pressure Relief Valve—Ensure this safety feature functions correctly to prevent excessive pressure within the tank.

4. Adjust the Temperature - Keeping the thermostat set to 120°F can lower energy consumption and prevent overheating.

5. Schedule Professional Inspections - Have a plumber inspect your water heater annually to identify potential issues early.

When to Call a Professional

While many water heater issues can be addressed through DIY troubleshooting, some problems necessitate professional assistance. You should call a professional if:

The tank is leaking.
If you suspect a gas leak (if so, immediately turn off the gas supply and evacuate the area),
The water heater consistently trips the circuit breaker.
Your water heater is over 10 to 15 years old and is showing signs of frequent failures. Signs of a failing water heater include inconsistent water temperature, strange noises, frequent repairs, or increased energy bills. If you notice these signs, it might be time to consider a replacement.

Choosing Between Repair and Replacement

If your water heater isn't functioning correctly, you may be uncertain whether to repair or replace it. Here are some guidelines to help you decide:

Repair: Consider repairing the water heater if the issue is minor or not critical, such as a faulty thermostat, heating element, or pilot light.
Replace: Opt for replacement if the tank leaks, the unit is over 10 years old, or you make frequent and costly repairs.

Conclusion

If your water heater suddenly stops working, it doesn't have to ruin your day. Following these troubleshooting steps can quickly identify and often resolve the issue. Common problems include a tripped breaker, pilot light issues, or sediment buildup. Addressing the root cause promptly can save you both time and money.

Regular maintenance is essential to prevent unexpected breakdowns. If unsure, feel free to call a professional for assistance. A properly functioning water heater is crucial for a comfortable home, and maintaining it ensures you'll always have hot water when needed. This gives you a sense of security, comfort, and reassurance that your home is well cared for.